invalid-file
invalid-file다운로드하세요.
아래는 전문의 일부분입니다.
영어 소설이네요.
-------------------
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4), by
J. Arthur Thomson
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4)
A Plain Story Simply Told
Author: J. Arthur Thomson
Release Date: January 22, 2007 [EBook #20417]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUTLINE OF SCIENCE ***
Produced by Brian Janes, Leonard Johnson and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
[Illustration: THE GREAT SCARLET SOLAR PROMINENCES, WHICH ARE SUCH A
NOTABLE FEATURE OF THE SOLAR PHENOMENA, ARE IMMENSE OUTBURSTS OF FLAMING
HYDROGEN RISING SOMETIMES TO A HEIGHT OF 500,000 MILES]
THE
OUTLINE OF SCIENCE
A PLAIN STORY SIMPLY TOLD
EDITED BY
J. ARTHUR THOMSON
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
WITH OVER 800 ILLUSTRATIONS
OF WHICH ABOUT 40 ARE IN COLOUR
IN FOUR VOLUMES
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Knickerbocker press
Copyright, 1922
by
G. P. Putnam's Sons
_First Printing April, 1922
Second Printing April, 1922
Third Printing April, 1922
Fourth Printing April, 1922
Fifth Printing June, 1922
Sixth Printing June, 1922
Seventh Printing June, 1922
Eighth Printing June, 1922
Ninth Printing August, 1922
Tenth Printing September, 1922
Eleventh Printing Sept., 1922
Twelfth Printing, May, 1924_
Made in the United States of America
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
By Professor J. Arthur Thomson
Was it not the great philosopher and mathematician Leibnitz who said
that the more knowledge advances the more it becomes possible to
condense it into little books? Now this "Outline of Science" is
certainly not a little book, and yet it illustrates part of the meaning
of Leibnitz's wise saying. For here within reasonable compass there is a
library of little books--an outline of many sciences.
It will be profitable to the student in proportion to the discrimination
with which it is used. For it is not in the least meant to be of the
nature of an Encyclop?ia, giving condensed and comprehensive articles
with a big full stop at the end of each. Nor is it a collection of
"primers," beginning at the very beginning of each subject and working
methodically onwards. That is not the idea.
What then is the aim of this book? It is to give the intelligent
student-citizen, otherwise called "the man in the street," a bunch of
intellectual keys by which to open doors which have been hitherto shut
to him, partly because he got no glimpse of the treasures behind the
doors, and partly because the portals were made forbidding by an
unnecessary display of technicalities. Laying aside conventional modes
of treatment and seeking rather to open up the subject as one might on a
walk with a friend, the work offers the student what might be called
informal introductions to the various departments of knowledge. To put
it in another way, the articles are meant to be clues which the reader
may follow till he has left his starting point very far behind. Perhaps
when he has gone far on his own he will not be ungrateful to the simple
book of "instructions to travellers" which this "Outline of Science" is
intended to be. The simple "bibliographies" appended to the various
articles will be enough to indicate "first books." Each article is meant
to be an invitation to an intellectual adventure, and the short lists of
books are merely finger-posts for the beginning of the journey.
We confess to being greatly encouraged by the reception that has been
given to the English serial issue of "The Outline of Science." It has
been very hearty--we might almost say enthusiastic. For we agree with
Professor John Dewey, that "the future of our civilisation depends upon
the widening spread and deepening hold of the scientific habit of mind."
And we hope that this is what "The Outline of Science" makes for.
Information is all to the good; interesting information is better still;
but best of all is the education of the scientific habit of mind.
Another modern philosopher, Professor L. T. Hobhouse, has declared that
the evolutionist's mundane goal is "the mastery by the human mind of the
conditions, internal as well as external, of its life and growth." Under
the influence of this conviction "The Outline of Science" has been
written. For life is not for science, but science for life. And even
more than science, to our way of thinking, is the individual development
of the scientific way of looking at things. Science is our legacy; we
must use it if it is to be our very own.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
I. THE ROMANCE OF THE HEAVENS 7
The scale of the universe--The solar system--Regions of
the sun--The surface of the sun--Measuring the speed of
light--Is the sun dying?--The planets--Venus--Is there
life on Mars?--Jupiter and Saturn--The moon--The
mountains of the moon--Meteors and comets--Millions of
meteorites--A great comet--The stellar universe--The
evolution of stars--The age of stars--The nebular
theory--Spiral nebul?-The birth and death of
stars--The shape of our universe--Astronomical
instruments.
II. THE STORY OF EVOLUTION 53
The beginning of the earth--Making a home for life--The
first living creatures--The first plants--The first
animals--Beginnings of bodies--Evolution of
sex--Beginning of natural death--Procession of life
through the ages--Evolution of land animals--The flying
dragons--The first known bird--Evidences of
evolution--Factors in evolution.
III. ADAPTATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT 113
The shore of the sea--The open sea--The deep sea--The
fresh waters--The dry land--The air.
IV. THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE 135
Animal and bird mimicry and disguise--Other kinds of
elusiveness.
V. THE ASCENT OF MAN 153
Anatomical proof of man's relationship with a Simian
stock--Physiological proof--Embryological proof--Man's
pedigree--Man's arboreal apprenticeship--Tentative
men--Primitive men--Races of mankind--Steps in human
evolution--Factors in human progress.
VI. EVOLUTION GOING ON 183
Evolutionary prospect for man--The fountain of change;
variability--Evolution of plants--Romance of
wheat--Changes in animal life--Story of the
salmon--Forming new habits--Experiments in locomotion;
new devices.
VII. THE DAWN OF MIND 205
A caution in regard to instinct--A useful law--Senses of
fishes--The mind of a minnow--The mind and senses of
amphibians--The reptilian mind--Mind in
birds--Intelligence co-operating with instinct--The
mind of the mammal--Instinctive aptitudes--Power of
association--Why is there not more intelligence?--The
mind of monkeys--Activity for activity's
sake--Imitation--The mind of man--Body and mind.
VIII. FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE 243
The world of atoms--The energy of atoms--The discovery of
X-rays--The discovery of radium--The discovery of the
electron--The electron theory--The structure of the
atom--The new view of matter--Other new views--The
nature of electricity--Electric current--The
dynamo--Magnetism--Ether and waves--Light--What the
blue "sky" means--Light without heat--Forms of
energy--What heat is--Substitutes for coal--Dissipation
of energy--What a uniform temperature would
mean--Matter, ether, and Einstein--The tides--Origin of
the moon--The earth slowing down--The day becoming
longer.
ILLUSTRATIONS
FACING
PAGE
THE GREAT SCARLET SOLAR PROMINENCES, WHICH ARE SUCH A
NOTABLE FEATURE OF THE SOLAR PHENOMENA, ARE IMMENSE
OUTBURSTS OF FLAMING HYDROGEN RISING SOMETIMES TO A
HEIGHT OF 500,000 MILES
_Coloured Frontispiece_
LAPLACE 10
PROFESSOR J. C. ADAMS 10
Photo: Royal Astronomical Society.
PROFESSOR EDDINGTON OF CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY 10
Photo: Elliot & Fry, Ltd.
THE PLANETS, SHOWING THEIR RELATIVE DISTANCES AND
DIMENSIONS 11
THE MILKY WAY 14
Photo: Harvard College Observatory.
THE MOON ENTERING THE SHADOW CAST BY THE EARTH 14
THE GREAT NEBULA IN ANDROMEDA, MESSIER 31 15
From a photograph taken at the Yerkes Observatory.
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MAIN LAYERS OF THE SUN 18
SOLAR PROMINENCES SEEN AT TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE, MAY 29,
1919. TAKEN AT SOBRAL, BRAZIL 18
Photo: Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
THE VISIBLE SURFACE OF THE SUN 19
Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory.
THE SUN PHOTOGRAPHED IN THE LIGHT OF GLOWING HYDROGEN 19
Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory.
THE AURORA BOREALIS (_Coloured Illustration_) 20
Reproduced from _The Forces of Nature_ (Messrs. Macmillan)
THE GREAT SUN-SPOT OF JULY 17, 1905 22
Yerkes Observatory.
SOLAR PROMINENCES 22
From photographs taken at the Yerkes Observatory.
MARS, OCTOBER 5, 1909 23
Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory.
JUPITER 23
SATURN, NOVEMBER 19, 1911 23
Photo: Professor E. E. Barnard, Yerkes Observatory.
THE SPECTROSCOPE, AN INSTRUMENT FOR ANALYSING LIGHT; IT
PROVIDES MEANS FOR IDENTIFYING SUBSTANCES (_Coloured
Illustration_) 24
THE MOON 28
MARS 29
Drawings by Professor Percival Lowell.
THE MOON, AT NINE AND THREE QUARTER DAYS 29
A MAP OF THE CHIEF PLAINS AND CRATERS OF THE MOON 32
A DIAGRAM OF A STREAM OF METEORS SHOWING THE EARTH PASSING
THROUGH THEM 32
COMET, SEPTEMBER 29, 1908 33
Photo: Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
-------------------
The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) by J. Arthur Thomson
| Creator | Thomson, J. Arthur |
|---|---|
| Title | The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told |
| Language | English |
| EText-No. | 20417 |
| Release Date | 2007-01-22 |
| Copyright Status | Not copyrighted in the United States. If you live elsewhere check the laws of your country before downloading this ebook. |
| Base Directory | /files/20417/ |
![[help]](http://www.gutenberg.org/pics/help.png)