조동사(Auxiliary Verb)

조동사(Auxiliary Verb)                            

 

May, Might의 용법

1. 허락, 허가 : ∼해도 좋다  ↔ must not

• May I smoke here?

  - Yes, you may.  (허가)

  - No, you may not. (불허가)

  - No, you must not. (금지)

• You may go into the garden; but you must not pluck the flowers.

• You may call him a good scholar, but you cannot call him a good teacher.

• He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar.

2. 추측, 추정 :∼일지도 모른다  ↔ may not

• What he says may be true, or may not be true.

• He may be rich.

  = It is possible that he is rich. (현재의 추측 : may + 원형)

• He may have been rich.

  = It is possible that he was rich. (과거의 추측 : may have + p.p)

  @ might have + p.p.는 가정법 과거완료

• He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.) : 현재의 추측

• He may have met her. (= It is possible that he met her.) : 과거의 추측

• I may have seen him before.

• He may have said so. (추정 : 진짜 그렇게 말했을지도 모른다.)

• He might have said so. (가정 : 실제는 그렇게 말하지 않았다.)

• He might have met her.

  = He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (가정법 과거완료)

  = He did not meet her, as he was busy. (직설법 과거)

3. 능력 (may = can)

• Gather roses while you may. (시기를 놓치지 마라) (may = can)

• A man may be known by his friends.

4. 기타 관용적 용법.

1) 기원문 : 기원, 소원을 나타내는 경우

• May you succeed!

• May the Emperor live long! (황제 만세!)

• May be rest in peace! (편히 잠드소서!)

2) 목적

• I learned German so that I might not be at a loss as a doctor.

• He works very hard (so) that his parents may live in comfort.

3) 양보

• He may be a bright boy but he is quite selfish

4) may well + VR : ∼하는 것은 당연하다.

@ 과거 : may well have + p.p.

• She may well be proud of her son.

• He may well say so.  (∼하는 것은 당연하다)

  = He says so, and well he may.

  = He has good reason to say so.

  = It is  natural ( = no wonder = a matter of course = not surprising ) that he should say so.

  = I take it for granted that he says so.

5) may (might) as well A as B : B하느니 차라리 A하는게 낫다.

『∼할 바에는 …하는게 낫다.』   『∼하는 것은 …하는 것과 같다.』

@ 실현 가능한 일에는 : may as well ∼ as

@ 실현 불가능한 일에는 : might as well ∼ as

• You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.

  (그것을 불완전하게 아느니, 차라리 전혀 모르는 것이 낫다.)

• You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him.

  (그를 설득하려고 시도하는 것은 이리를 설득하려는 것과 같다.)

• You might as well expect the sun to rise in the west as expect me to change my opinion.

6) may as well = had better : ∼하는게 좋다.

• You may as well ( = might as well = had better ) begin at once.

7) 공손한 표현 : may보다 might가 더 정중한 표현임

• Might I ask your mane?

• You might bring me a cup of coffee.

• Might I ask you a question?

Can, Could의 용법

1. 능력, 가능

• I can speak English.  (현재시제 = be able to)

  과  거     : I was able to speak English.

  미  래     : I will be able to speak English.

  현재완료 : I have been able to speak English.

  과거완료 : I had been able to speak English.

  미래완료 : I will have been able to speak English.

2. 추측, 강한 의혹.

① 의혹 (도대체 ∼일까?)

• Who can he be?  (도대체 누구일까?)

• Can it be true? (도대체 그게 사실일까?)

• Where can it be? (그것이 도대체 어디에 있을까?)

② 부정적 추정 (cannot be : ∼일리가 없다)  (cannot +have + pp : ∼이었을 리가 없다.)

• It cannot be true.

• He cannot be honest. (현재의 추측, 그는 정직할 리가 없다)

  = It is impossible that he is honest.

• It cannot have been true. (사실이었을 리가 없다.)

• He cannot have been honest. (과거의 추측)

  = It is impossible that he was honest.

• Can he have written this English composition?  

  - No, he can't have written it.

@ 주의 - 과거의 추측에는 could not을 사용치 않고, 반드시 cannot + have + p.p. 형태를 사용함

3. 허가 또는 가벼운 명령 ( = may)

• You can go home now. (허가)

• Can I help you?

4. 공손한 표현

• Could you show me the way to the station?

5. cannot … too ∼ : 아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다

• We cannot be too careful of our health.

• We cannot praise him too much.

• We cannot be too careful in the choice of our friends.

• We can scarcely pay too high a price of liberty.

• It can never be too late to learn anything.

MUST, HAVE TO, HAD TO

1. 필요, 의무 (must + 의지동사)  = have to

• You must go there.

  = It is necessary that you should go there.

  = It is necessary for you to go there.

@ must의 부정은 need not,  do not need to,  do not have to,  have not to 등.

• You must go there.

  의문문: Do you have to go there?

  과거형: You had to go there.

  미래형: You will have to go there.

• You have only to do your duty.  (∼하기만 하면 된다)

2. 추측 (must + 무의지동사) 『∼임에 틀림이 없다.』↔ cannot be

• He must be honest. (현재의 추측)

  = I am sure (= It is certain) that he is honest.

  ↔ He cannot be honest. = It is impossible that he is honest.

• He must have been honest.  (과거의 추측)

  = I am sure that he was honest.

  ≠ He cannot have been honest.

3. 기타 용법.

① must (needs) : 꼭 ∼한다고 고집하다

• He must (needs) come.  (needs : 『꼭, 반드시』란 뜻의 부사)

• He must (needs) have his own way. : 그는 꼭 자기 생각대로 해야한다.

② 필연, 불가피 (반드시 ∼하다)

• Sooner or later, death must come to us all!

• All must die.

③ 금지, 허가

• You must not tell a lie. (금지; ∼해서는 안된다)

  ≠ You may tell a lie.   (허가; ∼해도 좋다)

• You mustn't make such a great noise.

4. Have to, had to의 용법

① have to = must  / don't have to = need not

@ must는 추측에도 쓰이지만, have to는 필요, 의무에만 쓰이고 추측에는 못쓴다.

• You don't have to go there at once.

② have to,  had to의 부정문과 의문문

㉠ 부정문

• don't have to = have not to

• didn't have to = had not to

㉡ 의문문

• Do you have to ∼?

• Have you to ∼?

• Did you have to ∼?

• Had you to ∼?

  @ 미국은 Do, Did를 많이 사용하며 영국은 습관적.규칙적인 일을 나타낼 때 흔히 Do, Did를 쓴다.

③ must의 과거형 : had to  /  must의 미래형 : will(shall) have to

④ 간접화법에서 must의 과거는 had to 또는 그대로 must 사용

• He said he must (= had to) look after the child.

• He said it must (≠ had to) be true. (추측)

Will, Would, Shall

1. 의지조동사

① 주어의 의지를 나타내는 will : 이 때의 will은 강하게 발음한다.

• I will do as I like.

• I shall be glad if you will help me.

• She says she will leave here.  = She says, "I will leave here."

② 말하는 사람의 의지를 나타내는 shall

• You shall have higher wages, if you work hard.

  = I will give you higher wages, if you work hard.

• My son shall bring the money to you.  

  = I will let my son bring the money to you.

• You shall die.  = I will kill you.

③ 상대방의 의지를 묻는 shall, will

• Shall I shut the window?

• Will you take it back with you? (의뢰, 권유)

• Will you pass me the salt, please?

• Will you have another cup of tea?

• Shall my daughter go first?  = Do you want me to let my daughter go first?

  - Yes, let her go first.

  - No, you need not.

2. 습관

@ Will : 현재의 불규칙적 습관. (∼하곤하다)

@ Would : 과거의 불규칙적 습관. (∼하곤했다)

• He will often sit up reading all night.

• He will often come to see me of an evening.

  of an evening : 저녁에

  of late years : 근년에

  of a Sunday : 일요일에

  of late : 요즈음

• He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife.

3. 소망 (wish to, want to)

• He who would search for pearls, must dive deep.

• Would that (= Would to God = I wish) I were young again!

4. 거절, 고집『아무리 해도 --하지 않다』

• The door will not open. (현재의 고집)

• He would not help me.   (과거의 고집)

5. 습성, 경향 (He'll과 같이 생략형을 쓸 수가 없다)

• Accident will happen.

• Dogs will bark when they see a stranger.

• Boys will be boys.

6. 기타.

This vessel will hold 2 gallons of water. (포용력)

• Would you pass me the salt? (공손)

• (You will) please do so. (공손)

• He would be about twenty, when he met her. (추측)

• This will be your luggage, I suppose. (추측)

@ will이 명사로 쓰이면 『의지, 뜻, 의사, 유언』 등으로 쓰임.

• He has a strong will.   (그는 강한 의지를 갖고 있다)

• He made his will before his death.

• I would rather ( = would sooner = had rather ) die (than) live in dishonor.

  = I would choose death before life in dishonor.

  = I prefer dying to living in dishonor. (전치사 + (동)명사)

  = I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor. (불명예스럽게 사느니 죽는 것이 낫다.)

• Freedom of speech shall not be violated. (법률, 규칙)

• Nation shall rise against nation.  (예언)

Would, Should

1. Would 의 용법 : would는 will의 과거형이므로 will의 용법에 준한다.

① 과거의 거부, 고집

• He would not take the money.

② 과거의 습관

• He would often go swimming in the river while he was in the country.

③ 과거의 추측

• He would be about twenty when he crossed the Pacific on a yacht alone.

④ would = wish to

• He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.

2. Should 의 용법

① 의무, 당연 (should + VR : ∼해야한다) = ought to + VR

• The young should respect the old.

• You should obey the laws.

② 과거의 비난, 유감, 후회 (should + have + p.p. : ∼했어야했는데)

• You should have worked harder. (should = ought to)

       = I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder.

       = I wish you had worked harder. ( I wish = Would tht = Would to God = If only )

= You had to work harder, but you didn't.

③ 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연 (의문사 + should)

@ should가 why, how, who 등의 의문문에서 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연 등으로 쓰이며, "도대체 ∼인가?"의 뜻으로 쓰인다.

• Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather?

• How should you understand such a difficult problem.

• Why in the world should I go?

• What has he done that you should resort to violence?

  (그가 도대체 무슨 짓을 했다고 네가 폭력을 쓴단 말이냐?)

④ 수사의문문

• How should I know it?    = I don't know it at all.

⑤ Who should A but B ? : 도대체 누가 A하는가 했더니 다름 아닌 바로 B이더라.

• Who should enter the classroom but the principal?

⑥ 이성적 판단의 should.

- It is + ( necessary, important, proper, natural, good, well, right, wrong, rational ) + that∼ 구문에서 that절에 should를 사용한다. 이 때 should는 해석할 필요는 없다.

• It is natural that he should get angry.

  = It is natural for him to get angry.

  = He may well get angry.

• It is necessary that you should answer the question.

• It is right that you should say so.

⑦ 감정적 판단의 should.

- It is + ( a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious, wonderful, regrettable + that -- 구문에서 that∼에 should를 사용하며, "∼하다니"로 해석한다.

- should + 동사원형    → 현재의 일.

- should + have + p.p. → 과거의 일.

• It is strange that she should cry all day long.

• It is a pity that he should have died young.

• It is surprising that he should study the subject.

⑧ 주,명,희,요,기,제 (주장, 명령, 희망, 요구, 기대, 제안)을 나타내는 경우

- S + (advice, advisable, insist, demand, desire, expect, require, request, propose, move, suggest, order, wish)  +  that + S + (should) + VR

• He insisted that he (should) go to the party.

  = He insisted on (또는 upon) going to the party.

• I ordered that he (should) do it himself.

⑨ 기타.

㉠ 추측, 기대

• He should arrive by the 6:15 train.

• They should be there by now, I think.

㉡ 완곡한 표현

• I should like to go to America once more.

㉢ lest ∼ should 용법 : 『∼하지 않도록』

- 자체 속에 부정의 뜻을 포함하고 있으므로, should다음에 not을 쓰지 않도록 주의.

- lest ∼should = for fear of ∼ing = so that may not

• Write it down in your notebook lest you should forget it.

• He lowered his voice for fear that he should be heard.

Ought to

- should와 거의 같은 뜻으로 사용된다.

1. 당연, 의무

• You ought to start at once.   (∼해야한다, should와 거의 같은 뜻)

• You ought not to say such things. (부정; ought not to∼)

• Our experience ought to be a stimulus for our success in the future. (의무)

• He ought to speak English well, for he has lived in England for many years. (당연)

① ought to + 의지동사 : 『∼하는 것이 당연하다.』

• You ought to pay back your debts.

  = It is your duty to pay back your debts.

② ought to + 무의지동사 : 『∼하는 것은 당연한 것으로 이상할 게 없다.』

• Such an able man ought to succeed.

  = It is natural that such an able man should succeed.

2. 과거의 유감, 후회, 비난. (ought to have + pp = should have + pp)

-『ought to have + p.p』는 과거에 실행되지 못한 일에 대해 유감, 비난, 후회를 나타내며 『∼했어야했는데』의 뜻을 갖는다.

• You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.

  = You should have told me that matter yesterday.

  = I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday.

  = I wish you had told me that matter yesterday. (너는 어제 그 일을 나에게 말했어야 했는데...)

• He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station by now.

  (그는 지금쯤 마땅히 서울역에 도착해 있을 거야; 당연한 추측)

3. 미래의 추측.

• It ought to be rainy tomorrow. (당연히 ∼일 것이다)

• If he left home at seven, he ought to be here now.

4. ought to의 의문문

• Ought he to join us?

  - Yes, he ought (to).

Dare

1) dare는 부정문과 의문문에서만 조동사로 쓰여 "감히 ∼하다"

• I dare not go there.

  = I don't dare to go there.

• How dare you say such a thing to my face?

  = How do you dare to say such a thing to my face?

  (내 면전에서 네가 감히 나에게 그런 말을 할 수 있겠는가?)

2) dare to do : 본동사로서 "감히 ∼하다"

• He does not dare to tell us.

3) I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = 아마.

Need

1) need는 부정문과 의문문에서만 조동사로 쓰인다.

• He needs your help. (본동사, 그는 너의 도움을 필요로 한다)

• He need not go there. (조동사)

  = He does not need to go there. (본동사)

• Need he work so hare? (조동사)

  = Does he need to work so hard? (본동사)

2) need not have + p.p : ∼할 필요가 없었는데 ∼를 했다.

   did not need to∼    : ∼할 필요가 없었다, 그래서 ∼하지 않았다.

• He need not have written to her again.

  (그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었는데... (그런데도 썼다))

• He did not need to write to her again.

  (그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었다. (썼는지의 여부는 모름))

3) need가 명사로 쓰이는 경우

• daily needs: 일용품.

• immediate needs: 당장 필요한 것들.

• The house is in need of repair. (명사로 필요, 소용, 결핍의 뜻)

• in need of∼ : ∼이 필요한.

• in need : 곤경에 빠져있는.  (A friend in need is a friend indeed.)

Used to

1) use가 명사, 동사로 쓰일 때.

• You use your legs when you walk.  (동사, [ju:z])

• The telephone is of no use in this town. (명사, [ju:s])

• use up = exhaust: 다 써 버리다.

• of no use = useless: 소용이 없는.

2) used to + 동사원형.

① 과거의 규칙적 습관

• I used to get up early. ([ju:st], 과거의 규칙적 습관)

  = I was in the habit of getting up early.

  = I made it a rule to get up early.

  = I made a point of getting up early.

  = I made it a point to get up early.

② 과거의 상태

• There used to be a big tree there.

• He used to live in Busan.

③ used to의 의문문과 부정문

• Used he to call on you every Sunday?

• Did he use to call on you every Sunday?

• He used not to live here.

• He did not use to live here.

3) be used to + 명사, 동명사. 『∼에 익숙하다.』

• He is used to driving a car.

  = He is accustomed to drive (or driving) a car.

@ be used to 다음에 반드시 명사 또는 동명사가 오며 "∼에 익숙하다"의 뜻.

@ be accustomed to 다음엔 동사원형 또는 명사나 동명사가 모두 쓰임.